Russian Dog BreedsFrom sighthounds to Siberian spitz dogs

A Country of Extremes, a Range of Breeds

Russia's huge territory, harsh winters and hunting traditions produced very different dogs. Aristocratic estates bred the Borzoi, an elegant sighthound used to course wolves and hares. Indigenous peoples of Siberia kept spitz-type dogs such as the Samoyed and the Laikas for herding, hunting and pulling sleds. In the south and in the Caucasus and Central Asia, shepherds relied on powerful Ovcharkas to protect their flocks.

Some Russian breeds are recent. The Black Russian Terrier was developed in the 20th century at a state kennel as a working guard dog, and the Russian Toy and Russian Tsvetnaya Bolonka were bred as small companions.

The Main Russian Breed Types

• Sighthound: the Borzoi is gentle and quiet at home but has a strong chase instinct.
• Spitz and sled dogs: the Samoyed and the East Siberian, West Siberian and Russo-European Laikas are hardy, energetic and independent.
• Livestock guardians: the Caucasian Shepherd Dog, Central Asian Shepherd Dog and South Russian Ovcharka are large, protective and serious about their territory.
• Working terrier: the Black Russian Terrier is a giant, confident guardian with a dense coat.
• Companions: the Russian Toy and Bolonka are small, friendly and suited to apartments.

Who Suits a Russian Breed?

The Ovcharkas are among the most demanding breeds to own. They were bred to make independent decisions about threats and need experienced handlers, secure property and extensive socialization. The Laikas are true hunting dogs that need lots of exercise and outdoor activity. The Samoyed is friendlier and more social but sheds heavily and needs company. For city life, the Russian Toy and Bolonka are far easier choices.

Coats Built for Cold

Many Russian breeds have dense double coats suited to harsh winters. The Samoyed, Laikas and Ovcharkas shed heavily, especially in seasonal coat blows, and need regular thorough brushing. These breeds can struggle in hot climates, so provide shade, cool resting places and avoid exercise in the heat of the day. Never shave a double coat, as it helps regulate temperature and protects the skin.

Finding a Russian Breed Outside Russia

Outside Russia, the Borzoi, Samoyed and Black Russian Terrier are fairly well established, with breed clubs and experienced breeders in many countries. The Laikas, South Russian Ovcharka and Russian Tsvetnaya Bolonka are much rarer and may require a long search or import. When importing, research the rules for vaccination, microchipping and quarantine in your country, and work with breeders who can document health testing and temperament. For guardian breeds in particular, choose breeders who select for stable, manageable temperaments and can advise you on socialization from the first day.